[« What is changing today is a greater ability to talk about it ¼]. / « Ce qui change aujourd'hui, c'est une plus grande faculté à en parler ¼.

Victims' associations, social networks and the publication of books have accelerated political and societal awareness of a subject that is still very taboo: incest. In this context, the Independent Commission on Incest and Sexual Violence against Children (Ciivise), created in 2021, has the mission to make recommendations on the evolution of public policies for a better protection and care of child victims, and to collect the voice of victims, now adults. Nathalie Mathieu, co-president of the Ciivise and executive director of the association Docteurs Bru, draws up an inventory of the subject, as much on its legal aspect as on the stakes of society which result from it and on the place of nurses. Interview.

[Mechanisms at play in the perpetrators of incestuous acts]. / Les mécanismes en jeu chez les auteurs d'actes incestueux.

While the perpetrators of incestuous assaults are found in families from all social, cultural and professional categories, the vast majority of them have common characteristics. Linda Tromeleue, a psychologist and family therapist, works in the prison integration and probation service, particularly with incestuous paedocriminals who have been tried and sentenced. She describes their personality traits and the process established to carry out their transgressive acts, often for years.

[Psychopathological consequences of incestuous violence]. / Conséquences psychopathologiques des violences incestueuses.

The psychotraumatic consequences induced by exposure to incestuous violence result in a clinical picture that varies according to age and context, including protective factors. The younger the age, the greater the risk of developing complex psychotrauma. Numerous psychiatric and somatic comorbidities accompany the suffering in children and adults. These are all indicators that can be used for screening.

[Accompanying young girls who are victims of incest, a necessarily holistic approach]. / Accompagner les jeunes filles victimes d'inceste, une approche nécessairement holistique.

Accompanying child and adolescent victims of incest towards reconstruction requires professionals trained in the specificities of this intra-family sexual violence. The Jean-Bru shelter, which takes in young girl victims, has developed the expertise of a complementary multi-partner approach and offers socio-educational, medical-psychological and legal support, for the benefit of a personalized global project that also includes the family link.

[Disability, a factor of vulnerability to incest]. / Le handicap, un facteur de vulnérabilité face à l'inceste.

Disability, a factor of vulnerability to incestThere is a lack of visibility on the issue of sexual violence among people with disabilities. There is an omerta on this subject within the social and medico-social establishments that receive them. Intra-family sexual violence is kept silent, as it is everywhere else. The vulnerability of children with disabilities is a risk factor for rape and sexual assault, and communication problems hinder their disclosure. Interview with Marie Rabatel, President of the Francophone Association of Autistic Women, expert of the High Authority of Health on the issues of violence against women with disabilities, member of the Independent Commission on incest and sexual violence against children.

Aggressive behavior: A language to be understood.

Aggressive behaviors could be considered as a dynamic of communication, in which aggression is a language to be understood, to be deciphered by two protagonists : the aggressor coping with a stressful and threatening situation and the aggressed individual coping with an aggressive acting out. The following questions are addressed: (a) What does aggression mean to the aggressor, what does it mean to the aggressed individual? (b) What does the aggressor want or try to express, and why does he or she use this mode of expression and action over another? (c) How does the aggressed individual react, and what is the impact of his or her response on the aggressor? This article reviews studies on the definition of aggression, its measurement, its developmental role and its associated risk factors in children and adolescents. First, aggression in children and adolescents with typical and atypical development is examined based on a developmental approach, clinical case studies in child and adolescent psychiatry, and an empirical study on aggression in autism. Then, in light of these studies, the problem of violence among younger and younger children and adolescents, is discussed. Finally, taking together these studies and discussion, a model is proposed that accounts for factors involved in aggressive behaviors and for different possible levels of intervention. Physical and/or psychic threats generate stress and may therefore lead to offensive or defensive aggression. Stress has to be considered in its physiological dimension (biological stress responses) and psychological dimension (perceived stress). This model reveals a vicious circle: when the main response to aggression is repression, it may reinforce physical/psychic threats and stress perceived by the aggressor, and in turn aggressive behaviors. Intervention can occur at three levels: the stressful situation, the aggressor (perception of the stressful situation and his or her response), and the aggressed individual (perception of the aggression and his or her response). This model, like all models, is limited but it offers a discussion and perspectives to understand the different links that form the "chain of aggressive behavior" and the relationships between exposure to violence and expression of violence. The article concludes on the interest of a muldisciplinary approach to aggression integrating physiological, psychological and sociological dimensions.

Peer likeability and victimization in young adolescents: Moderating effects of descriptive and status group norms for aggression and prosocial behaviour and network density.

INTRODUCTION: Previous research has shown that peer victimization can be highly responsive to variables at the classroom level. Aggressive and prosocial norms may promote or reduce its status in classrooms. However, yet there is an apparent lack of success to explain which types of norms are more influential. This study examined the role of aggressive and prosocial descriptive and status norms in the peer victimization-status link. It also explores how the network density increases adherence to the prevailing norm in the classroom and its effect on the status of the victims. METHOD: Data on peer acceptance and rejection, victimization, prosocial behaviour, and aggression were collected with sociometric methods in a sample of 6,600 students (M = 13.1 years, SD = 0.6; 49.2% girls), from 269 classrooms in 81 secondary schools in Spain. Group norms for aggression and for prosocial behaviour were assessed in three ways, the behaviour of all peers (class-norm), the behaviour of most-liked peers (likeability-norm), and the behaviour of most salient peers (visibility-norm). RESULTS: Multilevel regression analyses revealed that the negative impact of victimization on peer likeability was moderated by the classroom's norm for prosocial behaviour, by the status norm of most visible peers' norm for prosocial behaviour and for aggression, and by the group's network density. The behavioural status norms of most likeable peers had no significant effect. CONCLUSION: These results underscore the overall importance of group context as a moderating factor of the relation between victimization and peer status in adolescents, and add to the growing body of knowledge driven by the socio-ecological approach to the study of peer relations in developmental psychology. As implications for education, these results affect the importance of considering socio-emotional variables in the formation of class groups in order to reduce victimization.

[Prospective forensic study on the characterization of genital examination in women with consented sexual activity]. / Étude médico-légale prospective sur la caractérisation de l'examen génital chez des femmes ayant une activité sexuelle consentie.

OBJECTIVE: The number of women victims of sexual assault remains high, despite prevention and information campaigns. These victims can be adolescent girls, women of childbearing age or postmenopausal women. As part of examinations of victims of sexual assault, the morpho-anatomical diversity of the female genitalia requires knowledge of the physiological variations existing by the practitioners caring for these victims. Our work aimed to describe and characterize the genital examination of women with consented sexual activity. METHOD: Our cohort consisted of 196 women aged 14 to 81, examined in the context of medical gynecology consultations in two French maternity hospitals. RESULTS: Recent genital traumatic injuries were found in 12.8% of women whose last sexual intercourse was less than 5days old. Intact hymens, free from traumatic tearing despite regular sexual activity, were present in 10.7% of these women. CONCLUSION: Thus, in many cases, genital examination alone cannot confirm or deny the existence of prior sexual intercourse, whether or not it was consented to. The development of work on data on female genital anatomy would make it possible to optimize the medico legal care of victims of sexual assault.

Indicadores hospitalares e comportamento de pacientes internados em hospital psiquiátrico adepto à proibição do fumo / Hospital indicators and inpatient behavior in a psychiatric hospital that implemented the smoking ban / Indicadores hospitalarios y comportamiento de pacientes internados en hospital psiquiátrico que adoptó la prohibición de fumar

Resumo Objetivo: comparar indicadores de internação e de alta, custo com medicamentos e comportamentos dos pacientes antes e após a proibição do tabagismo em um hospital psiquiátrico. Método: estudo ecológico, longitudinal e retrospectivo realizado em um hospital psiquiátrico. Foram obtidos dados secundários por meio de consulta aos prontuários, referentes a 2142 internações. Aplicado teste de medianas para comparação das variáveis antes e após a proibição. Resultados: com a implementação da proibição, o percentual de ocupação dos leitos foi reduzido nas unidades masculinas de transtornos mentais (de 88,8% para 48,4%) e de dependência química (94,4% para 42,8%). A média de dias de internação foi reduzida na unidade masculina de dependência química (13,5 para 12,6) em comparação à unidade feminina (14,7 para 19,5). Os custos com psicofármacos e expectorantes, as agressões verbais/físicas e as contenções físicas/químicas foram reduzidos. Conclusão: a proibição do fumo alterou indicadores hospitalares, reduziu custos e melhorou o comportamento dos pacientes, contrariando o mito de que ela resulta em hostilidade. Espera-se que este estudo contribua para que os enfermeiros revejam suas crenças relacionadas à proibição do tabagismo com resultados positivos para as relações interpessoais e para a gestão dos serviços de saúde mental.

Abstract Objective: to compare hospitalization and discharge indicators, medication costs and patient behavior before and after the implementation of the smoking ban in a psychiatric hospital. Method: ecological, longitudinal and retrospective study carried out in a psychiatric hospital. Secondary data referring to 2142 hospitalizations were collected from medical records. The median test was used to compare the variables before and after the ban. Results: after the implementation of the ban, there was a reduction in bed occupancy rate in male units for mental disorders (from 88.8% to 48.4%) and substance dependence (from 94.4% to 42.8%). There was a reduction in the mean length of hospital stay in the male chemical dependency unit (from 13.5 to 12.6) compared to the female unit (from 14.7 to 19.5). There was a reduction in costs of psychotropic drugs and expectorants, episodes of verbal/physical aggressions and physical/chemical restraints. Conclusion: the smoking ban changed hospital indicators, reduced costs and improved patient behavior, contradicting the myth that it results in hostility. It is hoped that this study will help nurses to review their beliefs related to smoking cessation, as there were positive results for interpersonal relationships and for the management of mental health services.

Resumen Objetivo: comparar indicadores de internación, alta, costo con medicamentos y comportamientos de los pacientes antes y después de la prohibición del tabaquismo en un hospital psiquiátrico. Método: estudio ecológico, longitudinal y retrospectivo realizado en un hospital psiquiátrico. Fueron obtenidos datos secundarios, a partir de consulta a las fichas médicas, referentes a 2.142 internaciones. Fue aplicado el test de medianas para comparación de las variables antes y después de la prohibición. Resultados: con la implementación de la prohibición el porcentaje de ocupación de las camas fue reducido en las unidades masculinas de trastornos mentales (88,8% para 48,4%) y de dependencia química (94,4% para 42,8%). La media de días de internación fue reducida en la unidad masculina de dependencia química (13,5 para 12,6) en comparación con la unidad femenina (14,7 para 19,5). Los costos con psicofármacos y expectorantes, las agresiones verbales/físicas y las contenciones físicas/químicas fueron reducidas. Conclusión: la prohibición de fumar alteró los indicadores hospitalarios, redujo costos y mejoró el comportamiento de los pacientes, contrariando el mito de que esta resulta en hostilidad. Se espera que este estudio contribuya para que los enfermeros revisen sus creencias relacionadas con la prohibición del tabaquismo, considerando los resultados positivos para las relaciones interpersonales y para la administración de los servicios de salud mental, que fueron obtenidos.

[The hidden faces of school-based violence]. / Les faces cachées de la violence scolaire.

School is an essential place of life for children and adolescents. Like society as a whole, this institution is increasingly exposed to a context of multiple forms of violence, while itself being a source of more or less visible violence. To get out of this school violence, it is necessary to distinguish its hidden sides and to rethink the school as a central place for learning non-violent communication.

[French validation of the Acceptance of Modern Myths about Sexual Aggression scale (AMMSA) and experience of close relationships with students and perpetrators of domestic violence]. / Validation française de l'échelle de l'adhésion aux mythes modernes sur l'agression sexuelle (AMMSA) et attachement au partenaire auprès d'étudiants et d'auteurs de violence conjugale.

INTRODUCTION: Acceptance of the rape myths (ARM) refers to a set of attitudes, beliefs and stereotypes that tend to make women responsible for rapes or sexual assaults, and to rationalize, minimize or justify the behaviors of sexual offenders. ARM can also promote intimate partner violence (spousal rape). Domestic violence is generally associated with an insecure attachment style (avoidant or ambivalent) in both perpetrators and victims. The attachment insecurity of perpetrators of spousal violence can favor the use of violence against partners. The perpetrators also have a tendency to attribute the responsibility of their acts to their partners. Gerger, Kley, Bohner and Siebler (2007) developed the "Acceptance of Modern Myths about Sexual Aggression Scale" to measure the ARM in a more subtle way, in particular by reducing social desirability bias. The aim of this study is both to explore the psychometric qualities of the French version of the AMMSA and to study the relationships between the ARM, attachment styles and spousal violence in young adults and perpetrators of domestic violence (with the hypothesis that the latter have a greater ARM and a more insecure attachment style with the intimate partner). METHODS: Participants. The participants (n=275) were divided into two samples: sample 1 comprised 243 French psychology students and psychiatry residents, mean age 26.94years (±4.06years, range 19 to 38), with 79 % females (173 women and 50 men). The majority (69%) were in a relationship, and their level of study ranged from 13th grade to 19th grade; sample 2 comprised 32 men treated in a therapy center for perpetrators of spousal violence (in the "Centre-Val-de-Loire" region in France). They had a mean age of 40.84years (±11.06years, range 22 to 61). The majority (59%) was in a relationship and their level of study ranged from 5th grade to 18th grade (mean level=11). INSTRUMENTS: To measure the ARM Myths, we used the AMMSA, which is composed of 30 items structured into a single overarching factor. To assess the styles of attachment to the partner, we used the Experiences in Close Relationships (ECR) scale, which comprises 36 items structured in two dimensions: (i) attachment-related anxiety, and (ii) attachment-related avoidance in the couple. The tools were self-administered. Students completed the questionnaire via the Internet using the Sphinx software during an online survey. Clinical subjects completed the questionnaire in their therapy center. All participants were volunteers and gave their informed consent before anonymously completing the paper or online self-assessment questionnaire. RESULTS: We carried out a principal components factor analysis using Varimax rotation on the data obtained from the answers to the 30 items of the AMMSA of all respondents. The analysis identified a single factor with an eigenvalue of 9.04 and which explained more than 30% of the total variance. This factor saturated (>0.30) 29 of the 30 items of the AMMSA, and the Cronbach alpha (which assesses internal consistency) was 0.91. The comparison of AMMSA scores between the clinical group (men with a history of spousal abuse) and male and female students showed differences, while there were no significant gender differences in the non-clinical group. The mean level of insecurity of attachment to the partner was also higher for the men in the clinical group than those in the non-clinical group (students). Results found correlations between the ARM and ECR for attachment-related anxiety in the non-clinical group (both men and women), a weak and negative correlation between age and attachment-related anxiety, and a correlation between age and AMMSA only for women. DISCUSSION: The results concerning the qualities of the AMMSA are consistent with previous work. In addition, perpetrators of spousal violence have a stronger ARM. The links between (a) older age and a low level of education and (b) the ARM have already been highlighted. However, psychology students and psychiatry residents are probably more likely than others to develop pro-social, egalitarian, sensitive and tolerant attitudes, and therefore to be less in touch with rape myths. Both men and women have sexist representations and acceptance of the rape myths. The ARM is associated with common negative gender stereotypes, notably ambivalent sexism (with its two dimensions: hostile and benevolent sexism). This study has limitations linked both to the small clinical sample and the recruitment of non-clinical subjects from psychological and medical academic fields (with a specialty in psychiatry). Nonetheless, it is also one of the interests of this study to show that the ARM concerns everyone, including students, regardless of their academic or professional orientation. CONCLUSION: The AMMSA, which has been validated in different languages and in different contexts, has always shown good psychometric qualities. This French adaptation shows the same characteristics in terms of unifactorial structure, saturation of scale items and internal consistency. Further studies are needed to confirm external validity and test-retest reliability. It would also be desirable to conduct studies with larger and more representative samples. The AMMSA could be an excellent prevention tool by raising awareness of the continuing extent of negative gender stereotypes, violence against women and rape myths.

[Perpetrators of sexual violence against minors]. / Les auteurs de violences sexuelles sur mineurs.

Sexual violence against minors is diverse and is subject to different criminal qualifications. Health professionals, and clinicians in general, may get to know certain perpetrators in order to assess, guide and/or treat them. This can be complicated if these professionals are not aware of the reality of the situations mentioned. Good knowledge, caution and critical distance must accompany their assessments and clinical acts.

Do Multiple Forms of Social Capital Mediate the Relationship Between Parental Violence and Children's Maladaptive Behaviors?

Many things can harm children's well-being. Among them, exposure to parental violence makes children vulnerable and often leads to aggression and/or depression. However, not all children who have suffered parental violence show aggressive behavior or depressive mood. Social capital, defined as resources accruing from interpersonal relationships, was proposed to significantly mediate the relationships among adverse experiences and their negative impacts. In previous studies, social capital accrued from parents played a positive role for children in violent situations, but children exposed to parental violence need alternative sources of social capital. This study targeted fourth-grade Korean children and aimed to identify and test the role of various forms of social capital to help children overcome negative consequences from parental violence. Siblings, friends, teachers, neighbors, and online acquaintances were sources of social capital, and the results showed that social capital from siblings, teachers, neighbors, or online acquaintances mediated in the relationships between parental violence and aggressive behavior. In addition, social capital from siblings and online acquaintances mediated in the relationships between parental violence and depressive mood. The findings have implications in terms of intervention. It is suggested that multiple forms of social capital from children's immediate environments are helpful in their adaptation from exposure to parental violence, and thus, relationship-based interventions are recommended.

Aggression and Older Adults: News Media Coverage across Care Settings and Relationships.

Systematic, in-depth exploration of news media coverage of aggression and older adults remains sparse, with little attention to how and why particular frames manifest in coverage across differing settings and relationships. Frame analysis was used to analyze 141 English-language Canadian news media articles published between 2008 and 2019. Existing coverage tended towards stigmatizing, fear-inducing, and biomedical framings of aggression, yet also reflected and reinforced ambiguity, most notably around key differences between settings and relations of care. Mainstream news coverage reflects tensions in public understandings of aggression and older adults (e.g., as a medical or criminal issue), reinforced in particular ways because of the nature of news reporting. More nuanced coverage would advance understanding of differences among settings, relationships, and types of actions, and of the need for multifaceted prevention and policy responses based on these differences.

[Profile of the victims of sexual violence in child psychiatry consultation]. / Enfants victimes de violences sexuelles en consultation de pédopsychiatrie.

INTRODUCTION: Child sexual abuse is a major health problem that remains under-declared and under-reported worldwide. In this paper we have taken an interest in establishing the profile of the victims in a clinical population of children consulting for sexual abuse. METHOD: We conducted a descriptive retrospective study in the child and teenager psychiatry department of the Mongi-Slim hospital (Tunis, Tunisia). We included all patients referred for treatment or medical expertise during the period from January 2013 to June 2019 and recorded sociodemographic data and clinical characteristics on pre-established charts from patient files. RESULTS: The total number of consultants was 150 patients with 61,33 % of female subjects (n=92). The average age was 9,9 years old with extremes ranging from 2 to 18 years old. The assault was unique in 62,7 % and happened in a place known by the victim in 47,33 %. Sexual abuse with non-penetrating contact was the most frequent (48 %). The average age at which the first sexual abuse happened was 9 years old. In the vast majority of cases, the abuser was a male. Concerning the identity of the abuser, he was someone of the family in 37,3 % of the cases and in half of these cases, he was the father. In the other cases where the abuser wasn't a family member, the identity was known by the child and/or his family in 48,66 %. A psychiatric diagnosis was made in 58 % of the cases with a percentage of 52,1 % among girls and 60,3 % among boys. Main diagnoses were acute stress disorder in 10,6 %, post trauma stress disorder in 19,3 %, adjustment disorder in14,6 % and a major depressive disorder in 8 %. CONCLUSION: Knowing the profile of victims of child sexual abuse and taking into consideration the social and psychiatric impact can help in adapting the means to intervene properly in order to take care of the victims and prevent such abuse.

O ódio na cultura e na clínica psicanalítica contemporâneas / Hatred in contemporary culture and psychoanalytic clinic / La haine dans la culture contemporaine et dans la clinique psychanalytique / El odio en la cultura y en la clínica psicoanalítica contemporáneas

Neste artigo procuramos demonstrar como a agressividade foi considerada pela psicanálise desde os primeiros ensaios freudianos até a releitura de Lacan que, partindo de uma agressividade do sujeito dirigida ao outro semelhante, avança rumo à concepção do ódio ao Outro. Enfatizamos, quanto a isso, o último momento de seu ensino, no qual sobressai o conceito de Real, crucial para compreendermos a gênese do ódio na constituição subjetiva. Mostramos como tal referência passa a influenciar a maneira como a cultura - e sobretudo a clínica - são consideradas, convocando o sujeito a se haver com o Real da existência.

This article aims to show how aggressiveness was taken into account by psychoanalysis from the first Freudian essays to Lacan's reinterpretation, which, starting from aggressiveness of the subject directed to a similar other, evolves to the concept of hatred of the Other. In this regard, we emphasize the last stage of Lacan's teaching, which highlights the concept of Real, crucial to understand the inception of hatred in the subjective constitution. We show how this reference starts to influence the way culture - and especially the clinic - are affected, summoning the subject to deal with the Real of existence.

Dans cet article, nous cherchons à démontrer comment l'agressivité était considérée par la psychanalyse depuis les premiers essais freudiens jusqu'à la réinterprétation de Lacan qui, partant d'une agressivité du sujet dirigée vers un autre semblable, avance vers la conception de la haine envers l'Autre. À cet égard, nous soulignons le dernier moment de son enseignement, dans lequel le concept de Réel se démarque, crucial pour comprendre la genèse de la haine dans la constitution subjective. Nous montrons comment cette référence commence à influencer la manière dont la culture - et surtout la clinique - sont envisagées, convoquant le sujet à faire face au Réel de l'existence.

En este artículo buscamos demostrar cómo fue considerada la agresividad por el psicoanálisis desde los primeros ensayos freudianos hasta la reinterpretación de Lacan que, desde una agresividad del sujeto dirigida hacia otro similar, avanza hacia la concepción del odio hacia el Otro. En este sentido, destacamos el último momento de su enseñanza, en el que sobresale el concepto de lo Real, que es crucial para comprender el origen del odio en la constitución subjetiva. Mostramos cómo esta referencia empieza a influir en la forma en la que se considera la cultura y, sobre todo, la clínica, convocando al sujeto a enfrentarse con lo Real de la existencia.

Psychological factors of aggressive behaviour in patients of forensic psychiatry wards with the diagnosis of schizophrenia.

Scientific research shows that the likelihood of aggressive behaviour in people with mental disorders compared to healthy people is usually higher than among healthy people. Considering the social harmfulness of acts committed by persons suffering from schizophrenia, a thorough analysis of their conditions is recommended. The paper presents the results of research conducted by a team from the Forensic Psychiatry Clinic of the Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology (IPiN) in Warsaw regarding the psychological determinants of aggressive behaviour of people diagnosed with schizophrenia. The analysis covers selected demographic variables, personality traits as well as the level and type of aggression presented, including previously undertaken violent behaviour. This article includes the results of studies on patients diagnosed with schizophrenia, interned in the Forensic Psychiatry Clinic of IPiN, as well as patients with schizophrenia (addicted and non-addicted) staying in general psychiatric wards.

Retrospective Study of Traumatic Intra-Interspecific Interactions in Stranded Cetaceans, Canary Islands.

Aggressive encounters involving cetacean species are widely described in the literature. However, detailed pathological studies regarding lesions produced by these encounters are scarce. From January 2000 to December 2017, 540 cetaceans stranded and were necropsied in the Canary Islands, Spain. Of them, 24 cases of eight species presented social traumatic lesions produced by cetaceans of the same or different species. All the cases presented severe multifocal vascular changes, 50% (12/24) presented fractures affecting mainly the thoracic region, 41.7% (10/24) acute tooth-rake marks, 37.5% (9/24) undigested food in the stomach, 33.3% (8/24) tracheal edema, and 12.5% (3/24) pulmonary perforation. In 10 cases with tooth-rake marks, the distance between the teeth, allowed us to further identify the aggressor species: four cases were compatible with killer whales (Orcinus orca) affecting three species [pigmy sperm whale (Kogia breviceps), Cuvier's beaked whale (Ziphius cavirostris), and short-finned pilot whale (Globicephala macrorhynchus)] and four cases compatible with common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) affecting two species [short-beaked common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) and Atlantic spotted dolphin (Stenella frontalis)]. We also described two cases of intraspecific interaction in stripped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba). Microscopically, 70.8% (17/24) of the cases presented acute degenerative myonecrosis, 66.7% (14/21) presented vacuoles in the myocardiocytes, 36.8% (7/19) pigmentary tubulonephrosis, 31.6% (6/19) cytoplasmic eosinophilic globules within hepatocytes, 21.4% (3/14) hemorrhages in the adrenal gland, and 17.3% (4/23) bronchiolar sphincter contraction. The statistical analysis revealed that deep divers, in good body condition and nearby La Gomera and Tenerife were more prone to these fatal interactions. Additionally, in this period, three animals died due to an accident during predation: a false killer whale (Pseudorca crassidens) died because of a fatal attempt of predation on a stingray, and two Risso's dolphins (Grampus griseus) died as a consequence of struggling while predating on large squids.

Afectos, transferencia y lenguaje / Affects, transfert et langage / Affects, transference and language

Debido al inevitable deslizamiento entre el lenguaje común y el metapsicológico, el autor desea llevar a cabo una revisión de la cualidad positiva y negativa en los sentimientos y afectos. Propone que, en la transferencia, la categorización positiva o negativa se efectúe atendiendo a los efectos de esta y no a los afectos transferidos, y que la consideración de transferencia negativa quede restringida a la que supone un ataque a la mente del analista y a su función de reverie. (AU)

As a result of the inevitable slippage between everyday and metapsychological language, the author wishes to undertake a review of positive and negative attribution in feelings and affects. He suggests that, in transference, a positive or negative categorization should be made in light of the effects of transference, rather than the transferred affects, and that the consideration of negative transference should be restricted to that which constitutes an attack on the mind of the analyst and his/her reverie function. (AU)

En raison de l’inévitable glissement entre le langage commun et la métapsychologique, l’auteur souhaite procéder à un examen de la qualité positive et négative des sentiments et des affects. Il propose que, dans le transfert, la catégorisation positive ou négative repose sur les affects de celle-ci et non des affects transférées, et que la considération du transfert négatif soit limitée à ce qui constitue une atteinte à l’esprit de l’analyste et à sa fonction de rêverie. (AU)

Prática de atividade física e participação esportiva associadas à violência em adolescentes: uma revisão sistemática / Physical activity and sports participation associated with violence in adolescents: a systematic review

RESUMO O presente estudo conduziu uma revisão da literatura que com o objetivo de investigar a relação entre a prática de atividade física (AF) e de esportes com violência e agressão entre adolescentes. Uma busca estruturada foi conduzida em três bases de dados (PubMed, Web of Science e Scielo) utilizando três campos de busca para população (adolescentes), AF/esportes e vioência/agressão. Dos 618 estudos encontrados, 555 foram selecionados por título e resumo, 63 foram lidos na íntegra e 24 foram incluídos para análise. Foi observada uma prevalência de 83% de estudos transversais, e o tamanho das amostras variou entre 210 e 71854 adolescentes. Medidas de violência e AF/esportes foram diversas. Dentre os 24 estudos analisados, seis não encontraram relação entre AF/esportes e violência, oito verificaram que AF/esportes foram fator de proteção, e 15 identificaram uma relação positiva entre AF/esportes e violência. Os achados sugerem que AF/esportes estão relacionados a uma maior exposição a conflitos e comportamentos agressivos, que podem escalar para outras relações fora do contexto da atividade feita. Contudo, o tipo de AF e o contexto parecem ter um importante papel na promoção de conflitos, com atividades coletivas com conflito direto, como futebol, oferecendo maior chance de promover agressividade comparados com atividades individuais sem conflito direto.

ABSTRACT The present study conducted a review of the literature that aimed to investigate the relationship between the practice of physical activity (PA) and sports with violence and aggression among adolescents. A structured search was conducted on three databases (PubMed, Web of Science and Scielo) using three fields for the population (adolescents), PA/sports and violence/aggression. Of the 618 studies identified, 555 were screened by the title and abstract, 63 had the full text screened and 24 were selected for inclusion and analysis. Most studies were cross-sectional (53%), and sample size varied between 210 and 71854 adolescents. Metrics of violence and PA/sports were very diverse. Of the 24 analyzed studies, six studies found no association between PA/sports and violence, eight found that PA/sports were a protective factor, and 15 found a positive relationship between PA/sports and violence. The findings suggest that PA/sports are related to higher exposition to conflicts, and aggressive behavior, which may escalate to other relationships amongst adolescents outside of the context of PA/sports. The type of PA practiced may play an important role in promoting conflicts, with team-based sports with direct conflict being more likely to promote aggressiveness compared to individual sports without direct conflicts.